RESULTS In this review, we screened and included fifteen randomized controlled researches (816 students). The pooled analysis of primary outcomes showed that VR improves test scores moderately compared with other approaches (standardized mean difference [SMD]?=?0.53; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.09-0.97, p? less then ?0.05; I2&nbsp;=?87.8%). The high homogeneity indicated that the studies were different from each other. Therefore, we carried out meta-regression as well as subgroup analyses using seven variables (year, country, learners, course, intervention, comparator, and duration). We found that VR improves post-intervention test score of anatomy compared with other types of teaching methods. CONCLUSIONS The finding confirms that VR may act as an efficient way to improve the learners' level of anatomy knowledge. Future research should assess other factors like degree of satisfaction, cost-effectiveness, and adverse reactions when evaluating the teaching effectiveness of VR in anatomy.BACKGROUND Evidence linking risk of lymphoma and B-cell lymphoma subtypes to ionizing radiation is inconclusive, particularly at low exposure levels. METHODS We investigated risk of lymphoma (all subtypes), B-cell lymphomas, and its major subtypes, associated with low-level occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, in 2346 lymphoma cases and 2463 controls, who participated in the multicenter EpiLymph case-control study. We developed a job-exposure matrix to estimate exposure to ionizing radiation, distinguishing between internal and external radiation, and we applied it to the lifetime occupational history of study subjects, We calculated the Odds Ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for lymphoma (all subtypes combined), B-cell lymphoma, and its major subtypes using unconditional, polytomous logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, and education. RESULTS We did not observe an association between exposure metrics of external and internal radiation and risk of lymphoma (all subtypes), nor with B-cell lymphoma, or its major subtypes, at the levels regularly experienced in occupational settings. An elevated risk of diffuse large B cell lymphoma was observed among the most likely exposed study subjects with relatively higher exposure intensity, which would be worth further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Further investigation is warranted on risk of B cell lymphoma subtypes associated with low-level occupational exposure to external ionizing radiation, and to clarify whether lymphoma should be included among the cancer outcomes related to ionizing radiation.BACKGROUND Exenatide, a glucagon like peptide 1 analog, has been suggested to reduce the cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as body weight, blood pressure and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This was the first randomized, open-label, controlled trial to compare the effects of exenatide versus insulin on subclinical atherosclerosis, as assessed by carotid-intima media thickness (CIMT), in patients with T2DM. METHODS A total of 66 patients with T2DM admitted from March 10, 2015 to June 20, 2017 in the Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital were randomized to receive twice-daily exenatide or aspartate 70/30 insulin for 52&nbsp;weeks. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in CIMT, and secondary endpoints included changes at week 52 from baseline in body weight, glycemic markers, lipid metabolism markers, blood pressure, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, irisin, and brain natriuretic peptide. RESULTS Exenatide more significantly reduced the CIMT from baseline compared with insulin after 52&nbsp;weeks, with a mean difference of -?0.14&nbsp;mm (95% interval confidence -?0.25, -?0.02; P?=?0.016). Weight and body mass index were both significantly reduced in the exenatide group over 52&nbsp;weeks. Exenatide reduced total lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels more significantly than insulin at weeks 16 and 40. Correlation analyses showed that CIMT was positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Twice-daily exenatide could prevent atherosclerosis progression in patients with T2DM over a 52-week treatment period compared with insulin therapy. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-1800015658.BACKGROUND Gallic acid has received a significant amount of interest for its biological properties. Thus, there have been recent attempts to apply this substance in various industries and in particular the feed industry. As opposed to yeasts, fungi and bacteria and their tannases have been well documented for their potential bioconversion and specifically for the biotransformation of tannic acid to gallic acid. In this research, Sporidiobolus ruineniae A45.2 is introduced as a newly pigment-producing and tannase-producing yeast that has gained great interest for its use as an additive in animal feed. However, there is a lack of information on the efficacy of gallic acid production from tannic acid and the relevant tannase properties. The objective of this research study is to optimize the medium composition and conditions for the co-production of gallic acid from tannic acid and tannase with a focus on developing an integrated production strategy for its application as a feed additive. RESULTS Tannase produce the fermentation medium, could be directly used as a feed additive. On the other hand, gallic acid could be isolated and purified for food and pharmaceutical applications. This paper is the first of its kind to report that the CAT obtained from yeast can be resistant to high temperatures of up to 70&nbsp;°C.BACKGROUND Treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances has been associated with significant biofilm accumulation, thus putting patients at a higher risk of oral health deterioration. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hsp27-inhibitor-j2.html The use of probiotics has been proposed to be useful in the prevention or treatment of oral pathologies such as caries and diseases of periodontal tissues. Our aim was to investigate the effects of probiotic use on inflammation of the gingival tissues and the decalcification of the enamel in patients being treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. METHODS We searched without restrictions 8 databases and performed hand searching until September 2019. We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating whether individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances benefit from probiotic treatment in terms of the inflammation of the gingivae and decalcification of the enamel. Following the selection of studies and the extraction of pertinent data, we appraised the risk of bias and the confidence in the observed effects based on established methodologies.